V., “Istochniki po istorii sel'skogo khoziaistva Evropeiskoi Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XVIII veka” (Sources of the history of agriculture of European Russia during the second half of the eighteenth century), Problemy istochnikovedeniia (Problems of historiography) VIII ( Moskva: Nauka, 1959) Google Scholar Rubinshtein, Nikolai L., Sel'skoe khoziaistvo Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XVIII v. Grekova ko dniu 70-letiia ( Moskva: Nauka, 1952), 241–46 Google Scholar Sivkov, K. kak istochnik dlia istorii sel'skogo khoziaistva v Rossii” (Eighteenth-century estate regulation as a source for the history or rural economy in Russia), in Sbornik akademika B. I will argue, instead, that Russian authors and reformers relied on ambiguities in western thinking about labor when they advanced their own images of serfdom and proposals for reform.Ĥ Blum, Jerome, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) Google Scholar Gershenkron, Alexander, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962) Google Scholar Crisp, Olga, Studies in Russian Economy before 1914 ( London: Cambridge University Press, 1976) CrossRef Google Scholar Bartlett, Roger, “ Serfdom and State Power in Imperial Russia,” European History Quarterly 33, 1 ( 2003): 29– 64 CrossRef Google Scholar Hellie, Richard, Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971) CrossRef Google Scholar Kolchin, Peter, Unfree Labour: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) Google Scholar Bush, Michael, ed., Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage ( Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996) Google Scholar Field, Daniel, The End of Serfdom: Nobility and Bureaucracy in Russia, 1855–1861 ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976) Google Scholar.ġ8 Confino, Michael, Domaines et seigneurs en Russie vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle: Étude de structures agraires et de mentalités économiques ( Paris: Institut d'études slaves de l'Université de Paris, 1963), 39 Google Scholar, et seq. The way that “western” thought conceived of labor in general and positioned itself vis-à-vis Russia necessitates a reexamination of the thesis that the principal schools of western thought were misunderstood in Russia. In particular, I will evoke the origins of the Benthams' experiences in Russian, British, and European debates of the period about the legal status of labor. The first aim of this paper is not to recall these, but rather to integrate them into a broader intellectual debate. Those experiences have been the subject of several papers and books. I want to challenge this view by arguing that the Panopticon project actually was a system for controlling wage labor, which drew inspiration from a particular image of Russian serfdom and from the Bentham brothers' experiences in that country.
According to Foucault, the Panopticon is not just a model for institutions, but something whose principles are those of power in society at large. Before and after Foucault, the Panopticon has been seen as a response to social deviance, and in relation to prisons and the emergence of a global surveillance system in modern societies.
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It was the problem of controlling skilled English workers in Russia (and not the Russian serfs) that led the Bentham brothers to reflect on the relation between free and forced labor, and then between labor and society.
They had to face two related but distinct problems: Russian peasants were unskilled, while British skilled workers and supervisors were hard to control. Between 17 Samuel and Jeremy Bentham were asked to manage a large Russian estate owned by Prince Grigorii Potemkin, one of the closest advisors of Catherine II.
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